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Clnical Research : Osteoporosis (4)
Silicon
Silicon is a trace mineral that has been implicated in the formation and maintenance of healthy bone. Its exact function remains unclear; however, animal data have accumulated indicating its essentiality. Rats and chicks placed on diets containing only 1ppm silicon showed incomplete and deformed skeletal development 44. The defect appears to be in the formation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen, both of which are needed for the formation of the bone matrix 45. Silicon has been found attached to collagen and increases during the early mineralization process of bone 46. It appears that silicon helps to provide a stable organic matrix to allow for the proper formation of bone to occur.
Boron
Boron is another trace element that is involved in bone metabolism and mineralization, although like silicon, its exact function is unclear. Similar to other trace minerals, boron©ös action on bone may be mediated through its ability to affect other parameters associated with bone, including calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, osteocalcin 47. The results of supplementing animals and humans with boron have yielded conflicting results based on the amount supplemented and the model studied. Consumption by rats of water containing 300 mg boron/L resulted in a decrease in the calcium content and size of certain bones. Daily consumption of 4 and 8 mg boron/kg body weight in pigs (equivalent to approximately 550 mg/d in humans) resulted in decreased bone mineral content and decreased bone mass. Chapin et al 48 supplemented rats with varying concentrations of boron (1.4 mg - 63 mg/kg body weight) and reported an increase in vertebral strength at all doses of boron supplementation. Investigations of boron supplementation in humans were started with a report by Nielson 49 who placed postmenopausal women on a low boron diet followed by a diet supplemented with 3 mg/d boron. Supplementation significantly reduced the loss of urinary calcium and magnesium as well as increased serum levels of estrogen (involved in preventing bone demineralization). Peace et al. 50 attempted to repeat these results in a similar study involving postmenopausal women, but was unable to confirm the earlier results. Meacham et al. 51 investigated the effects of boron supplementation (3 mg/d) in pre-menopausal women over 10 months, and found that boron supplementation increased serum magnesium levels. Science is continuing to uncover new ways to help slow the continual loss of bone in postmenopausal women. Together with a healthful diet and proper vitamin and mineral supplementation, IP is now recognized to be an effective addition to the arsenal of tools available to the practitioner in the fight against osteoporosis.
References
1) Glaser, D. L., Kaplan, F.S. Osteoporosis, definition and clinical presentation. Spine 1997;22:12S-16S.
2) Melton, L., J. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997;22:2S-11S.
3) Riggs, B.L., Melton, L. J. Involutional osteoporosis N Engl J Med 1986;314:1676-1686.
4) Villa, M.L., Marcus, R., Delay, R., et al. Factor contributing to skeletal health of postmenopausal Mexican American women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1233- 1242.
5) Saito, J. K., Davis, J.W., Wasnich, R.D., et al. Users of low-dose glucocorticoids have increased bone loss: a longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int 1995:57:115-119.
6) NRC (National Research Council). (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Report of the Committee on Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission of Life Sciences. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 176 pp.
7) Brandi, M. L. Flavonoids: biochemical effects and therapeutic applications. Bone and Mineral 1992;19:S3-S14.
8) Gambacciani, M., Cappagli, B., Piaggesi L. et al. Ipriflavone prevents the loss of bone mass in pharmacological menopause induced by GnRH-agonists. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;61:S15-S18.
9) Gennari, C., Adami, S., Agnusdei, D. et al. Effect of chronic treatment with ipri-flavone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;61:S19-S22.
10) Agnusdei, D., Bufalino, L. Efficacy of ipriflavone in established osteoporosis and long-term safety. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;61:S23-S27.
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